Issue 39 | Breaking Space News: Feb 23 - Mar 01, 2025

Welcome Space Observer🚀,

This was a well rounded week in space. Plenty of lunar launches and updates in governance and commerce. For the best reading experience, we recommend viewing this newsletter in your web browser.

Enjoy reading!

• SCIENCE

  • Firefly's Blue Ghost Captures Stunning Lunar Views Leading up to the Touch Down Today

  • Private Spacecraft Targets Moon with MIT, Nokia Payloads as NASA’s Trailblazer & AstroForge’s Odin Tackle Communication Issues

  • China Expands Satellite Network with Dual Long March Launches

  • Pakistani Astronaut to Join China’s Tiangong Space Station Mission

  • China Develops Mars Drone with Rolling & Flying Capabilities

  • China's Solar Polar Orbit Observatory Set to Explore the Sun's Poles in 2029

  • NASA Supercomputer, Pleiades, Reveals Spiral Structure in the Oort Cloud

  • Researchers Develop Tool to Detect Fossilized Microbial Life on Mars

  • Research Explores Immune Changes and Microbial Solutions on the ISS and Beyond

• GOVERNANCE

  • US Govt. Layoffs Threaten Scientific Research & Space Traffic Management

  • Artemis Program Under Review from US Congress Amid Intensifying Lunar Competition

  • South Korea Accelerates Space Goals with New Launch Vehicle Strategy

  • Zimbabwe to Expand Space Program with Plans for New Satellites

  • Propellant Leak & Rocket Fire Linked to Falcon 9, Starship Setbacks as FAA Approves Next Starship Flight

• MILITARY

  • Report Flags Risks in US Space Development Agency's Satellite Program

  • Varda Capsule Lands in Australia with USAF Spectrometer Data for Hypersonic Research

  • US Air Force Funds Xona Space's LEO-Based Pulsar Constellation as GPS Alternative

  • US Air Force Awards Contract for Hawaii Space Surveillance Site Upgrades

  • Pentagon Rebrands Missile Defense Initiative as Golden Dome

• COMMERCIAL

  • Gilmour Space Prepares for Historic Australian Rocket Launch

  • SES Shareholder Calls for Reduced State Control Amid Moody's Downgrade & Swissto12 Partnership

  • Blue Origin Completes 10th Human Spaceflight & Prepares for All-Female Crew Mission with Singer Katy Perry on Board

  • Electric Satellite Propulsion & Direct-to-Smartphone Services Secure Investment Momentum

• SPOTLIGHT

  • Zhurong's Discovery Strengthens Case for Mars' Past Habitability

• OPINION

  • U.S. Space Force Seeks to Define Its Role Amidst Innovation & Criticism

SCIENCE

Firefly's Blue Ghost Captures Stunning Lunar Views Leading up to the Touch Down Today

Firefly Aerospace’s Blue Ghost lunar lander has landed on the Moon, as part of NASA’s Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) program. The lander, which launched on January 15 aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket, has been orbiting the moon since February 13, gradually lowering its altitude in preparation for descent. During its maneuvers, Blue Ghost captured stunning footage of the moon’s far side, showcasing Earth rising and setting behind the lunar surface.

The mission aims to deliver 10 NASA payloads to the Mare Crisium region, including instruments for studying lunar regolith, radiation, and solar wind. If successful, Blue Ghost will operate for one lunar day (approximately 14 Earth days), collecting data to support future human exploration under NASA’s Artemis program. This milestone highlights the growing role of private companies in advancing lunar science and exploration.

Private Spacecraft Athena Heads to the Moon with MIT, Nokia Payloads as NASA’s Trailblazer & AstroForge’s Odin Tackle Communication Issues

The Athena lunar lander, Intuitive Machines' second moon mission, was launched aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket on February 26, accompanied by NASA's Lunar Trailblazer orbiter and AstroForge’s Odin asteroid-mining probe.

Shortly after deployment, Athena captured images of Earth, including the Falcon 9's upper stage and other payloads. As part of NASA's Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) program, Athena aims to explore the Moon's south pole, targeting a landing on March 6. Intuitive Machines will provide IM-2 mission updates on the Company’s website and X account.

Athena carries the PRIME-1 (Polar Resources Ice Mining Experiment-1), a deep-drilling system (the Regolith Ice Drill for Exploring New Terrain or TRIDENT) paired with a mass spectrometer (Mass Spectrometer observing lunar operations or MSolo) to detect and analyze water ice beneath the lunar surface. This technology is critical for assessing the Moon's potential as a resource hub for future exploration. The mission also includes Grace, a rocket-powered "hopper" designed to leap into permanently shadowed craters, providing unprecedented data on these unlit regions. Additionally, the MAPP (Mobile Autonomous Prospecting Platform) rover, developed by Lunar Outpost, will traverse the lunar terrain, carrying scientific instruments and testing mobility solutions. Athena carries Nokia's Lunar Surface Communication System (LSCS), a "network in a box" designed to establish the first-ever 4G/LTE network on the Moon. Developed by Nokia Bell Labs, this system is designed to endure space's harsh conditions, including extreme temperatures and launch/landing vibrations, and is powered by the lander's solar panels. The network will enable high-speed communication between Athena, the MAPP rover, and the Grace hopper, facilitating real-time data transmission, including high-definition video streaming and telemetry.

MIT contributed significantly to the lander mission with three payloads: a 3D depth-mapping camera to capture the first-ever color depth images of the lunar surface, a mini-rover called AstroAnt for thermal monitoring and potential swarm robotics applications, and a silicon wafer etched with voices from around the world, symbolizing humanity's shared aspirations for space exploration. Alongside Athena, Firefly Aerospace's Blue Ghost and Tokyo-based ispace's Resilience are also on their way to the Moon, contributing to this unprecedented wave of private lunar exploration.

However, NASA's Lunar Trailblazer, a small orbiter designed to map water distribution on the Moon, and AstroForge's Odin, a probe targeting a near-Earth asteroid to test asteroid-mining technologies, have encountered technical issues post-launch. NASA is working to reestablish communication with the Lunar Trailblazer orbiter after losing contact on February 27 due to power system issues. Engineers have detected intermittent signals and are troubleshooting to restore full functionality. Meanwhile, Odin, the first commercial spacecraft headed beyond the moon, to image asteroid 2022 OB5, is facing challenges with its onboard systems. The team sees two possibilities for the issues: either the spacecraft is fine and the problem lies with AstroForge's ground receivers, or the spacecraft is in a slow, uncontrolled tumble, though evidence suggests otherwise.

China Advances Communication and Remote Sensing Capabilities with Recent Missions

China has made significant strides in its space program with two recent launches. On February 22, a Long March 3B rocket successfully deployed the ChinaSat-10R (Zhongxing-10R) communications satellite into geosynchronous transfer orbit. This satellite replaces the aging ChinaSat-10, and will support for broadcasting, internet, and emergency communication services. The launch marks the 560th mission of the Long March rocket series, underscoring China's growing expertise in satellite deployment.

Just days later, on February 27, a Long March 2C rocket launched two SuperView Neo-1 satellites into near-polar orbits. These high-resolution remote sensing satellites enhance China’s SuperView constellation, which now includes nine satellites. Operated by China Siwei, the satellites provide advanced imaging capabilities for applications such as precision mapping, disaster monitoring, and urban planning. These missions highlight China's dual focus on bolstering communication infrastructure and expanding its commercial remote sensing capabilities, reflecting its ambitions to lead in the global space sector.

Pakistani Astronaut to Join China’s Tiangong Space Station Mission Under New Agreement

China and Pakistan have signed a landmark agreement to train and send a Pakistani astronaut to China’s Tiangong space station, marking the first time a foreign astronaut will join a mission aboard the station. The China Manned Space Agency (CMSA) and Pakistan’s Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO) formalized the collaboration during a ceremony attended by Pakistani Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif. The selected astronaut will undergo comprehensive training in China, with the mission expected to take place within the next few years.

This initiative reflects China’s broader strategy to expand international cooperation in space exploration, particularly with developing nations. Experts view the move as a demonstration of the maturity and reliability of China’s manned space program. For Pakistan, the mission represents a significant milestone in its space ambitions, building on previous collaborations with China in satellite launches and space technology development. Read more on the story here.

China's Mars Drone Prototype Showcases Rolling & Flying Capabilities for Energy Efficiency, Mobility

Chinese scientists have developed an innovative Mars drone capable of both rolling on the ground and flying, designed to enhance exploration capabilities on the Red Planet. The lightweight, air-ground dual-purpose drone, weighing just 300 grams, employs a dual-mode system: it rolls by shifting its center of gravity and flies using contra-rotating coaxial rotors. Meant for scientific exploration of Mars, this design reduces energy consumption and extends flight endurance to over six times that of traditional drones of similar size. Developed by the Harbin Institute of Technology, the drone is intended for tasks such as obstacle navigation, environmental detection, and underground exploration.

The project reflects China's growing focus on advancing Mars exploration technologies, diverging from NASA's Ingenuity helicopter, which has completed 72 flights on Mars. By integrating rolling and flying capabilities, the Chinese drone aims to address challenges in Mars' rugged terrain, offering a versatile tool for future missions.

China's Solar Polar Orbit Observatory Set to Explore the Sun's Polar Regions in 2029

China has announced plans to launch the Solar Polar Orbit Observatory (SPO) in 2029, aiming to study the Sun’s poles from a high-inclination orbit. This spacecraft will leave the plane of the ecliptic, the flat region where most planets orbit, to achieve a high-inclination orbit around the Sun. Utilizing a gravity assist at Jupiter, the SPO will gain the trajectory needed to observe the Sun’s polar regions directly. Such a perspective is critical for understanding solar magnetic activity cycles and high-speed solar winds, phenomena that significantly influence Earth’s space weather and technological systems.

The announcement was made by professor Luo Bingxian of the National Space Science Center (NSSC) at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, during a presentation to the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) in Vienna, Austria.

Equipped with advanced instruments, including ultraviolet and X-ray telescopes, coronagraphs, and a magnetic field analyzer, the SPO might be able to provide unprecedented insights into the Sun’s polar dynamics. This mission is part of China’s National Space Science Medium- and Long-Term Development Plan (2024–2050), reflecting the country’s growing commitment to advancing solar science and international collaboration in space exploration.

NASA Supercomputer, Pleiades, Reveals Spiral Structure in the Oort Cloud

NASA’s Pleiades supercomputer has revealed a surprising spiral structure within the Oort Cloud, a vast shell of icy bodies at the edge of the solar system. Researchers from the Southwest Research Institute discovered that some comets in the inner Oort Cloud, located between 1,000 and 10,000 astronomical units (AU) from the Sun, form a long-lasting spiral pattern. This structure, spanning approximately 15,000 AU, is shaped by galactic tides—gravitational forces exerted by the Milky Way’s center and nearby stars. The findings challenge the long-held assumption that the Oort Cloud is a simple spherical formation. The research is available in a pre-peer-reviewed paper on the repository site arXiv.

The Oort Cloud, believed to contain remnants from the solar system’s formation 4.6 billion years ago, has remained largely mysterious due to its extreme distance. The study highlights the potential of advanced computational models to uncover hidden features of distant celestial structures. These insights could deepen our understanding of the solar system’s outermost regions and their interactions with the galaxy. Read more on the story here.

Researchers Develop Laser Tool to Detect Fossilized Microbial Life on Mars: Earth Analog Study in Algeria Shows Promise

Researchers from the University of Bern in Switzerland have developed a laser-powered mass spectrometer capable of detecting fossilized microbial life in sulfate minerals, offering a promising tool for future Mars missions. The device, designed for space exploration, was tested on gypsum samples from the Sidi Boutbal quarry in Algeria, a region with geological conditions similar to ancient Martian environments. These samples, formed during the Messinian Salinity Crisis, revealed fossilized microbial filaments alongside minerals like dolomite and clay, which are often associated with biological activity. The research, led by Youcef Sellam, a PhD student at the Physics Institute, marks the first astrobiology study involving Algeria.

Gypsum, widely detected on Mars, is known for its exceptional fossilization potential, as it rapidly traps microorganisms before decomposition. The findings suggest that similar sulfate deposits on Mars could preserve evidence of ancient life. By integrating this technology into future rovers, scientists aim to analyze Martian samples in situ, advancing the search for biosignatures. This breakthrough underscores the potential of Earth analogs in guiding astrobiological research on the Red Planet. Sellam's work was published on Feb. 25 in Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences.

Research Explores Immune Changes and Microbial Solutions on the ISS and Beyond

NASA scientists are investigating how long-term spaceflight affects the human immune system, a critical factor for future deep-space missions. Led by Dr. Brian Crucian of NASA’s Human Research Program, the study examines biological samples—blood, saliva, and urine—from astronauts before, during, and after six-month stays aboard the International Space Station. Findings reveal that spaceflight stressors, including microgravity, radiation, and disrupted circadian rhythms, can weaken immune responses, potentially reactivating dormant viruses like shingles or cold sores.

While astronauts typically experience mild or no symptoms, the risks could escalate during extended missions to the Moon or Mars, where medical care is limited. The research aims to identify specific immune pathways affected by spaceflight and develop strategies to mitigate health risks.

To that end, a recent study highlights the potential of Earth’s microbes to support astronaut health during long-term space missions. Researchers from the University of California, San Diego, and NASA analyzed over 800 surface samples from the International Space Station (ISS), revealing a lack of microbial diversity in its sterile environment. This imbalance may weaken astronauts’ immune systems, contributing to conditions like skin rashes and reactivation of dormant viruses. The study suggests introducing non-pathogenic environmental microbes, such as those from soil and water, to create a more Earth-like microbiome. This approach could enhance immune function and overall health during extended space exploration. The study was published in the journal Cell.

GOVERNANCE

US Federal Layoffs Threaten Scientific Research & Space Traffic Management; NASA Employees Instructed to Ignore ‘What did you do last week?’ Email

Recent layoffs at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and its Office of Space Commerce (OSC) have raised concerns about the future of critical scientific and space operations. Over 800 NOAA employees, including meteorologists and climate researchers, were abruptly dismissed as part of a broader federal workforce reduction spearheaded by the Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE), led by SpaceX CEO Elon Musk. Critics warn that these cuts will hinder NOAA’s ability to provide accurate weather forecasts, climate research, and disaster preparedness, potentially endangering public safety. The layoffs also impact NOAA’s National Weather Service and its role in monitoring extreme weather events, which are becoming more frequent due to climate change.

The OSC, responsible for developing the Traffic Coordination System for Space (TraCSS), a space traffic management system that is to assume the Defense Department's role in cataloging orbital objects and warning satellite operators of potential collisions, also faced significant staff reductions. These cuts threaten to delay the system’s implementation, complicating efforts to manage the growing number of satellites in orbit.

Meanwhile, NASA employees were recently instructed to disregard a controversial email from the Trump administration requesting a list of their weekly accomplishments. U.S. federal employees received a Feb. 22 email from the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) titled "What did you do last week?" requesting five accomplishments by Feb. 24, 11:59 p.m. EST. The email, also part of the federal workforce review led by Elon Musk under DOGE, caused confusion and concern among federal workers. NASA clarified that responses were optional, emphasizing that agency leadership would handle the request, amid ongoing workforce reductions and operational uncertainty. Prior to the email being sent out, Musk had warned on platform X that noncompliance would be treated as resignation.

Artemis Program Under Review from US Congress Amid Intensifying Lunar Competition

A recent U.S. government inquiry session on NASA’s Artemis program highlighted differing suggestions on the agency’s approach to returning astronauts to the Moon and advancing human exploration to Mars. At the hearing, titled, "Step by Step: The Artemis Program and NASA's Path to Human Exploration of the Moon, Mars, and Beyond," experts testified before the House Science, Space, and Technology Committee, emphasizing the urgency of maintaining U.S. leadership in space amid growing competition from China, which plans a crewed lunar landing by 2030. Concerns were raised about the sustainability and affordability of the Artemis program, with some advocating for a revised strategy.

Scott Pace, director of the Space Policy Institute, suggested NASA explore alternatives to the Space Launch System (SLS), such as leveraging commercial heavy-lift rockets to enhance mission flexibility and reduce costs. Dan Dumbacher, a former NASA official and Adjunct Professor at Purdue University, defended the SLS but acknowledged challenges in meeting its flight rate targets. Both experts stressed the importance of a clear, sustainable campaign to ensure the U.S. reaches the Moon ahead of China and establishes a long-term presence.

The hearing also underscored internal challenges at NASA, including bureaucratic hurdles and workforce concerns. Notably, NASA declined to participate in the hearing, drawing criticism from lawmakers. As the Artemis program faces scrutiny, the debate reflects broader questions about balancing innovation, cost-efficiency, and geopolitical priorities in space exploration.

South Korea Accelerates Space Goals with New Launch Vehicle Strategy: Targets Reusability & Lunar Ambitions by 2032

South Korea has unveiled an ambitious space strategy aimed at positioning itself among the world’s top five space powers. Approved during the third National Space Committee meeting, the plan emphasizes the development of reusable launch vehicles, aligning with global trends in cost-effective and sustainable space exploration. The Korea AeroSpace Administration (KASA) intends to shift from disposable to reusable technologies, with a next-generation launch vehicle project estimated at 2 trillion won (1.37 billion USD). This vehicle is expected to triple the performance of their current, expendable Nuri rocket (KSLV-II) and serve as a cornerstone of South Korea’s space capabilities by the 2030s.

The strategy also includes plans for a self-launched lunar lander by 2032, reflecting the nation’s growing ambitions in space science and exploration. As South Korea accelerates its efforts, the focus on private-sector collaboration and cost-efficiency mirrors global industry standards, underscoring the country’s determination to compete in the rapidly evolving space sector.

Zimbabwe to Expand Space Program with Plans for Earth Observation & New Communication Satellites

Zimbabwe is advancing its space program with plans to launch multiple satellites, including ZimSat-3, its third Earth observation satellite. The Zimbabwe National Geospatial and Space Agency (ZINGSA) aims to address national challenges such as environmental monitoring, drought prediction, and mineral exploration. ZimSat-3 is part of a broader strategy to enhance real-time Earth observation capabilities, which are currently limited. These satellites are expected to provide updated imagery every five to six hours, supporting agriculture, infrastructure safety, and climate change analysis. ZIMSAT-2, the country’s second satellite, designed and manufactured in collaboration with Southwest State University (SWSU) in Kursk, Russia, was launched into orbit in November 2024.

In addition to Earth observation, Zimbabwe is developing communication satellites to improve network coverage and internet access, addressing connectivity gaps in underserved areas. ZINGSA has also upgraded the Mazowe Ground Control Station to support advanced frequency bands, bolstering the country’s satellite communication infrastructure.

Propellant Leak & Rocket Fire Linked to Falcon 9, Starship Setbacks as FAA Approves Next Starship Flight

SpaceX recently faced scrutiny following two high-profile incidents involving its Falcon 9 and Starship rockets. A propellant leak in the upper stage of a Falcon 9 rocket led to an uncontrolled reentry over Europe, creating a dramatic fireball visible across multiple countries. Debris from the February 1 launch, intended to deploy Starlink satellites, landed in Poland. SpaceX attributed the failure to a liquid oxygen leak that disrupted the deorbit burn, emphasizing that safety protocols were followed to minimize risks. This marks the third Falcon 9 upper-stage incident within just over six months. In July 2024, a Falcon 9 mission carrying Starlink satellites experienced a liquid oxygen leak that prevented the upper stage from completing a circularization burn. While the satellites were successfully deployed, increased atmospheric drag caused them to reenter shortly afterward.

Meanwhile, SpaceX concluded its investigation into the January 16 explosion of Starship Flight 7. The mishap, caused by harmonic vibrations and subsequent propellant leaks, led to fires in the rocket's "attic" area, ultimately resulting in the loss of the upper stage over the Atlantic Ocean.

Despite these setbacks, SpaceX secured Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) approval for Starship Flight 8, scheduled for March 3. The upcoming test aims to deploy payloads and further refine the vehicle’s reusability.

MILITARY

GAO Report Highlights Risks in US Space Development Agency's Satellite Program as Officials Defend Strategy, Continue Procurement

The U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) has raised concerns about the Space Development Agency's (SDA) Proliferated Warfighter Space Architecture (PWSA), a $35 billion satellite constellation designed for missile tracking and data relay. The GAO report, mandated by the U.S. Congress and published on February 26, highlights unproven inter-satellite laser communication links, a critical technology for the system's functionality, and criticizes SDA for advancing procurement of Tranches 1 and 2 without fully validating these capabilities in Tranche 0. Delays and incomplete testing in Tranche 0, launched in 2024, could lead to costly setbacks in future deployments.

A tranche refers to a specific batch or phase of satellites within the PWSA. The SDA is deploying satellites in multiple tranches, each representing a distinct group with designated timelines, objectives, and technological advancements. Tranche 0 serves as a demonstration and testing phase, while subsequent tranches, like Tranche 1 and Tranche 2, aim to expand and operationalize the constellation, incorporating improvements based on earlier lessons learned.

However, SDA has defended its approach, stating that Tranche 0 met baseline objectives, including successful in-plane laser communication tests, and provided valuable lessons for subsequent tranches. The agency emphasizes its iterative development strategy, arguing that delays in one tranche will not impact others. Supply chain disruptions have delayed Tranche 0 testing of laser communications, with only two of the four contractors (SpaceX, L3Harris, Lockheed Martin, and York Space) demonstrating limited laser communication capabilities, while the other two have yet to achieve any planned milestones.

Meanwhile, the agency has outlined an ambitious timeline for Tranche 3, planning to procure nearly 200 satellites in 2025. This tranche will include advanced data transport and missile-tracking satellites, divided into segments with varying capabilities. SDA also plans to re-compete a $254 million contract with Tyvak Nano-Satellite Systems for 10 prototype satellites after Viasat's lawsuit over procurement issues. An Air Force review found Procurement Integrity Act violations, leading SDA to revoke Tyvak’s contract but keep York Space Systems' $170 million award. This delay may impact the timeline for deploying PWSA’s experimental fire-control capabilities, crucial for missile defense.

Varda Capsule Lands in Australia with USAF Spectrometer Data for Hypersonic Research

Varda Space Industries successfully landed its W-2 reentry capsule in South Australia on February 28, marking the company’s second mission and the first commercial spacecraft landing on Australian soil. After six weeks in orbit, the capsule returned to Southern Launch’s Koonibba Test Range carrying U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory's (AFRL) OSPREE spectrometer, which captured unprecedented optical emission measurements of the plasma environment at Mach 15 speeds during reentry. This data is crucial for refining hypersonic systems and thermal protection technologies. The mission also carried a heat shield developed with NASA’s Ames Research Center and internal research to expand Varda’s pharmaceutical processing capabilities in microgravity. Launched on January 14 via SpaceX’s Transporter-12 mission, the capsule was supported in orbit by a Rocket Lab Pioneer satellite bus. This mission is Varda's first under a multi-year agreement with the AFRL. Southern Launch is the Australian space mission service provider that was responsible for sourcing all of the regulatory approvals and permitting for the W-2 mission.

Optical emission measurements involve analyzing the light emitted by a material when it is excited, often by high-energy processes like plasma formation during atmospheric reentry. This light contains spectral lines unique to the elements present, allowing scientists to study the material's composition and behavior under extreme conditions.

The OSPREE spectrometer, part of the AFRL-led Prometheus program, advances hypersonic and reentry technologies by developing systems to withstand extreme conditions like intense heat and plasma during high-speed atmospheric reentry.

US Air Force Funds Xona Space's LEO-Based Pulsar Constellation as GPS Alternative

The U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) has awarded Xona Space Systems a $4.6 million contract to demonstrate its Pulsar satellite constellation, a commercial alternative to GPS. Pulsar, a low-Earth orbit (LEO) positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) system, aims to complement and serve as a backup to GPS, addressing vulnerabilities like jamming and signal denial. The AFRL-funded demonstrations will test Pulsar’s capabilities in scenarios where traditional GPS signals are compromised, focusing on applications for uncrewed aircraft and autonomous vehicles.

Xona plans to launch its first Pulsar satellite in June 2025 aboard SpaceX’s Transporter-14 mission, with operational service expected by 2027. The company has partnered with firms like QinetiQ and StarNav to integrate Pulsar into commercial devices. This initiative reflects growing military interest in diversifying PNT sources to enhance resilience and security, highlighting the strategic importance of advancing alternative navigation technologies in an increasingly contested space environment.

US Air Force Awards $176M Contract to KBR for Hawaii Space Surveillance Site Upgrades

Houston (U.S.)-based, engineering company, KBR has secured a $176 million contract from the U.S. Air Force to modernize and maintain the Air Force Maui Optical and Supercomputing Site (AMOS) in Hawaii. This high-altitude facility (10,000 feet/3048 meters), operational since the 1950s, plays a critical role in the U.S. military's space surveillance network, monitoring satellites, space debris, and potential threats. The seven-year contract, awarded through a competitive process by the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), includes upgrades to legacy space sensors and support for space domain awareness technologies.

AMOS, part of the Ground-Based Electro-Optical Deep Space Surveillance (GEODSS) system, houses advanced telescopes and high-performance computing systems. KBR’s work will focus on ensuring the site remains operationally effective while integrating modern technologies. This contract underscores the growing importance of space domain awareness in national security and highlights the challenges of maintaining aging infrastructure in an era of increasing reliance on space-based assets.

Pentagon Rebrands Missile Defense Initiative as Golden Dome

The Pentagon has rebranded its homeland missile defense initiative from "Iron Dome for America" to "Golden Dome," reflecting a strategic shift in scope and ambition. Initially inspired by Israel's Iron Dome, the U.S. system aims to counter a broader range of threats, including ballistic, hypersonic, and advanced cruise missiles. The initiative, mandated by a January 27 executive order, emphasizes space-based technologies, such as interceptors and sensors, to enhance early detection and interception capabilities. The name change emerged when Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth referred to the system as “Golden Dome, or Iron Dome” in a video on Pentagon’s efforts to save $50 billion through budget cuts for 2026.

Meanwhile, the U.S. Space Force has been tasked with a central role in developing the Golden Dome, forming a technical planning team to assess existing programs and identify gaps. Key contributors include the Missile Defense Agency's Hypersonic and Ballistic Tracking Space Sensor network and the Space Development Agency's satellite constellations. While the initiative underscores the importance of space assets in national defense, experts have raised concerns about the feasibility and cost of implementing such an expansive system.

COMMERCIAL

Australia Takes Key Step Toward Sovereign Space Capability as Gilmour Space Prepares for Maiden Rocket Launch

Australian space technology company, Gilmour Space Technologies is set to make history with the maiden flight of Eris, the first Australian-designed and built rocket aiming for orbit. Scheduled for no earlier than March 15, the launch will take place at the Bowen Orbital Spaceport in Queensland, following final regulatory approvals. The 25-meter-tall rocket, capable of delivering payloads to a 500-kilometer sun-synchronous orbit, represents a significant step toward establishing sovereign space capabilities in Australia.

CEO Adam Gilmour tempered expectations, noting that first launches rarely succeed but emphasized the importance of gathering data to improve future missions. He highlighted the broader goal of fostering technological independence, economic growth, and high-tech job creation. If successful, Australia could join the ranks of nations regularly launching to space using their own technology.

SES Shareholder Calls for Reduced State Control Amid Moody's Downgrade & Swissto12 Partnership

SES, the Luxembourg-based satellite operator, is navigating significant market challenges as it seeks to maintain competitiveness in a rapidly evolving industry. A major shareholder, holding over 7% of SES’ economic interests, has called for reduced state control to grant the company greater independence. Currently, the company operates under partial state control, with three financial institutions owned by the Luxembourg government holding 16.67% of its equity and a 33.33% voting interest.

This push comes amid SES’ $3.1 billion acquisition of Intelsat, a move aimed at consolidating its position against emerging competitors like SpaceX and Amazon’s Kuiper. Critics argue that state influence could hinder SES’ ability to adapt to market demands, emphasizing the need for operational flexibility. This development coincides with Moody's recent downgrade of SES's credit outlook from stable to negative, citing competitive pressures and innovation risks in the satellite market. In response, SES reassured investors of its financial stability, projecting 2024 revenue and adjusted EBITDA at the high end of forecasts.

Despite these challenges, SES has promised to maintain investment-grade metrics. Last week, Swiss manufacturer of advanced RF products, satellite payloads and systems, Swissto12 announced a partnership with SES to enhance its technological capabilities. Swissto12 secured a contract to supply electronically steered antennas for SES’ O3b mPower medium Earth orbit network, marking its first major deal in this domain. These developments underscore SES's efforts to navigate competitive pressures through a combination of organizational restructuring and technological advancements.

Blue Origin Completes 10th Human Spaceflight & Prepares for All-Female Crew Mission with Singer Katy Perry on Board

Blue Origin continues to expand its presence in the space tourism sector with two notable developments. On February 25, the company successfully completed its 10th human spaceflight, marking the 30th mission for its reusable New Shepard rocket. The suborbital flight carried six passengers, including venture capitalist Lane Bess and Spanish TV host Jesús Calleja, a peak altitude of 107 kilometers above sea level, offering a brief experience of weightlessness and views of Earth. This milestone highlights Blue Origin's continued efforts to expand its presence in the space tourism market, though the lack of transparency regarding ticket prices raises questions about the accessibility and inclusivity of these experiences.

In a separate announcement, Blue Origin revealed plans for its 11th human flight, NS-31, which will feature its first all-female crewed mission, set to launch later this spring. The crew includes pop star Katy Perry, journalist Gayle King, and bioastronautics researcher Amanda Nguyen, among others. The mission will be led by journalist Lauren Sánchez.

Electric Satellite Propulsion & Direct-to-Smartphone Services Secure Investment Momentum: Magdrive & Skylo

The space sector continues to see advancements in funding, with two companies making notable strides.

Magdrive, a UK-based startup specializing in high-power electric propulsion, has raised $10.5 million in seed funding to support its expansion into the U.S. and the development of its plasma thrusters. The company plans to establish a manufacturing facility in the UK and conduct on-orbit tests of its Magdrive Rogue thruster, which is also scheduled to launch aboard D-Orbit’s ION Satellite Carrier. This technology aims to enhance satellite maneuverability and efficiency, addressing growing demands in the satellite market.

Meanwhile, Skylo, a California-based satellite connectivity provider, secured $30 million in funding to expand its direct-to-device (D2D) satellite service. Skylo’s network enables smartphones and IoT devices to connect via satellite in areas lacking cellular coverage. The company is broadening its commercial reach to regions like Brazil, Australia, and New Zealand. This development comes at a time when companies like SpaceX, AST SpaceMobile, and Lynk Global are developing low Earth orbit constellations using cellular partner spectrum to enable direct-to-smartphone services for existing devices.

SPOTLIGHT

Zhurong's Discovery Strengthens Case for Mars' Past Habitability, Water-Rich Surface

China's Zhurong Mars rover has uncovered compelling evidence of an ancient ocean on Mars, strengthening the case for the planet's past habitability. Using ground-penetrating radar, Zhurong detected thick, sloping layers of sand beneath the surface of Utopia Planitia, a vast impact basin. These formations, resembling Earth's beach deposits, suggest that Mars once hosted a long-lived ocean with wave activity, likely fed by rivers. The findings indicate that Mars had a warmer climate and thicker atmosphere around 4 billion years ago, creating conditions potentially favorable for microbial life.

The discovery highlights the importance of shorelines as prime locations for studying ancient habitability. Similar environments on Earth are believed to have supported the emergence of life. This research, conducted by a Chinese-American team, was published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Zhurong's findings add to the growing body of evidence that Mars was once a dynamic, water-rich world. The Zhurong rover is part of Tianwen-1, China's first independent Mars mission, which was launched in July 2020 by the China National Space Administration (CNSA). It also consisted of an orbiter and a lander, which successfully landed on Mars in May 2021.

OPINION

U.S. Space Force Seeks to Define Its Role Amidst Innovation & Criticism

By Maharshi Bhattacharya

The U.S. Space Force believes that it faces a significant challenge in preparing for space warfare, as there is no historical precedent to guide strategy or planning. Recognizing the need for innovation, the proposed Space Futures Command aims to use wargaming, artificial intelligence, and field experimentation to reduce uncertainty and guide investments in advanced technologies. Col. Lincoln Bonner, deputy director of the Space Force’s Space Futures Command Task Force, stresses that success in counter-space operations relies on integrating systems and strategies, not just technology. He works with the Space Training and Readiness Command and contributes to developing the proposed Space Futures Command, supported by General Chance Saltzman. Efforts include initiatives like the Schriever Wargame series, which explores multi-domain operations and fosters collaboration with international allies.

However, the creation of a new command has also drawn criticism. Todd Harrison of the American Enterprise Institute argues in a recent paper that separating acquisition, operations, and concept development into distinct commands could hinder innovation by limiting cross-functional collaboration. He advocates for restructuring the Space Force around mission areas to accelerate feedback and improve operational understanding. He lays out how the Space Force, given its small size and strategic importance, is viewed as an exceptional military service, playing a critical role in U.S. power projection and global commerce. The paper urges it to embrace a unique identity through “Space Force exceptionalism,” focusing on innovative practices and streamlined command structures rather than adhering to traditional military norms. This approach is expected to enhance agility, foster tailored technology development, and address evolving threats in a contested space domain. Despite recent support from the U.S. Congress and the executive branch, the Space Force has yet to fully internalize its distinct role.

It is noteworthy that the U.S. Congress created the Space Force in 2019 “to restore the US military’s focus on space and accelerate efforts to counter the threats China and Russia pose in space.” However, the framing of a ‘technological race with China’ in this context merits critical examination. While China has made advancements in space capabilities, describing this as a "race" risks oversimplifying dynamics and fostering fear-driven decision-making. The U.S. retains significant technological and operational advantages, which raises questions about whether this narrative reflects genuine threats or serves to justify extensive Space Force initiatives. Policymakers must ensure that rhetoric does not lead to inflated budgets without proportional strategic benefits.

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